Sugarcane Part-1

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Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) 

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Belongs to Poaceae as well as Gramineae family. It is a species of tall, perrenial grass used for sugar production. It is almost 2 -6 meter tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose which accumulates in stalk internodes.





Sugarcane and Bamboo Relationship

Sugarcane related to bamboo because they belong to same grass family. Their body parts also bear similar names like stems, nodes, internodes etc. And they both grow as tall canes or narrow stalks.



Economic Importance 

Sugarcane is an important industrial and cash crop and it's a world wide cultivated crop which is cultivated in more than 100 countries. Sugarcane from its earlier time to this time increasing the social and economical value of human society because of its increasing production with the time. Sugarcane is basically falls in food industry which provides us raw sugar, refined sugar, gur, shakkar and molasses. 



Different varieties were produced in the back years with the production practices to increase the sugarcane yield per hectare in the fields and to increase the sugar recoveries in sugar mills. Sugarcane is a most important crop in this time because of its dietary value its utilization in industries for a number of products. This crop has too much economically important for the people. Sugarcane industries plays an important role in a countries economical position as it has different products and bi-products which are revolutionized in national and international trade. 

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Sugarcane Production

In the meeting of Federal Committee of Agriculture in October 2021 it was discussed that the sugarcane production for the year 2021-2022 was estimated 87 million tons and it is far more than the 7 million tons of the sugar production.



Pakistan Sugar Mill's Association PSMA provides an estimate of sugar production that was 5.8 -5.9 million tons on the back of 75 -77million tons sugarcane production in the coming season.



Average production of sugarcane in Pakistan is 450-500 munds per acre. which is very low compared to the other country's sugarcane production.

Purpose of Sugarcane Cultivation

There are different purposes of sugarcane cultivation.

  • crushing purpose to obtain sugar
  • For obtaining different things like Panela (jaggery, gur) 
  • Also used for by-products like alcohol used in pharmaceutical industry, ethanol used as a fuel, baggasse used for paper making and chip board manufacturing and pressmud used for rich source of organic matter that adds up to the soil for obtaining its fertility which is derived after cane crushing.

sugarcane juice

sugarcane powder






Climate

  • It is grown in tropical and sub tropical regions of the world.
  • Sub-tropical, irrigated with moderate temperature, frost free zone.


Four growth phases of the plant can be identified.

  1. Germination phase 
  2. Tillering phase 
  3. Main growth phase
  4. Maturity and ripening phase

1.Germination Phase

This is the very first stage of the sugarcane cultivation which includes the planting up to the completion of germination of buds. Which depends upon field condition and lasts for 4-5 weeks.

The optimum temperature for sprouting is around 20°C- 30°C.

2.Tillering Phase

The second phase is of about 120 days i.e, tillering which is a tender and highly sensitive to the local climate, soil climate, water and nutrient supply as it forms a base for its good production. Temperature and solar radiations plays a vital role in this phase. Around 30°C is an optimum temperature whereas sufficient light is also required for good growth. This phase tillering also influenced by water availability,  spacing, manuring, weed control etc.

3. Main Growth Phase

In this phase the main cane growth , formation, elongation occurs and is about 270 -300 days period. Better growth of cane requires warm and humid conditions which ultimately improves leaf production and their growth. Similar temperature condition of tillering phase require for this phase (about 80% humidity) is the best suited condition.

4.Maturity and Ripening Phase

 This phase consist on 90 days in which accumulation of sugar as well as simple sugar conversion to cane sugar also takes place rapidly. Dry weather condition is best suitable with sunshine. Warm weather condition accelerate the process.

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